What distinguishes "ingroup" from "outgroup" in social psychology?

The correct choice highlights that "ingroup" refers to groups with which individuals identify. In social psychology, individuals often categorize themselves and others into distinct social groups based on shared characteristics, beliefs, interests, or identities. The ingroup is typically characterized by a sense of belonging and mutual support among members.

This identification is essential, as it fosters group cohesion and can lead to preferential treatment towards ingroup members, often characterized by loyalty and positive feelings. The notion of ingroup contrasts with the outgroup, which consists of those perceived as outsiders or different.

The other options do not accurately capture the essence of what ingroup means in social psychology. For example, describing ingroup as less valued or focusing on strangers misses the crucial aspect of self-identification and belonging that defines ingroup dynamics. Additionally, while national affiliation can influence ingroup/outgroup distinctions, it does not encompass the broader definition of ingroup identification, which includes various forms of social groups beyond just nationality.